Old world was very fond of battle. Always finding the ways that how to win. Mycenaean armor, dating from the late Bronze Age (circa 1600-1100 BCE), is a testament to the advanced metallurgical and martial skills of the Mycenaean civilization, which flourished in ancient Greece. The most notable example is the Dendra panoply, a complete set of bronze armor discovered in a tomb at Dendra. This armor includes a full-body cuirass made of bronze plates, protecting the torso, back, and shoulders, and is complemented by a boar’s tusk helmet, which was common in Mycenaean warfare. Protect a person in full.

What was the construction type? The construction of Mycenaean armor reflects the society’s emphasis on both protection and mobility in combat. The use of bronze, a durable and relatively lightweight material, allowed warriors to maintain a balance between defense and maneuverability on the battlefield. Such armor indicates the hierarchical nature of Mycenaean society, with heavily armored warriors likely being elite soldiers or nobles. The craftsmanship and resources required to produce this armor suggest a sophisticated and organized society with specialized skills and extensive trade networks to acquire the necessary materials.

A 3,500-year-old suit of Mycenaean armor, long thought to be purely ceremonial, may have actually seen battle, according to recent studies. This remarkable piece of military gear, exemplified by the Dendra panoply, includes a bronze cuirass and a boar’s tusk helmet, signifying a high degree of craftsmanship and functional design. While earlier interpretations suggested such armor was primarily for display or ritual due to its elaborate and seemingly impractical nature, new evidence points to its use in actual combat. Wear patterns, repairs, and strategic design elements like mobility-enhancing features indicate that Mycenaean warriors utilized this armor on the battlefield. The use of durable yet lightweight bronze allowed for effective protection without severely hindering movement, suggesting that Mycenaean warfare was more dynamic and physically demanding than previously understood. This shift in perspective underscores the sophistication of Mycenaean military practices and their ability to integrate ceremonial grandeur with practical combat needs.

Why they were famous? The Mycenaean military was a formidable force in the late Bronze Age, demonstrating significant power and influence across the Aegean and beyond from circa 1600 to 1100 BCE. This strength was rooted in their advanced weaponry, such as bronze swords, spears, and sophisticated armor like the Dendra panoply. The Mycenaeans also employed well-constructed chariots, which were crucial for both warfare and rapid movement. Their fortified citadels, like those at Mycenae and Tiryns, featured massive “Cyclopean” walls, indicating a society highly skilled in defensive architecture.

The Mycenaeans’ military prowess extended through extensive trade networks and strategic alliances, which helped them exert influence over the Aegean region, including parts of the Greek mainland, Crete, and Anatolia. Their ability to organize large-scale military expeditions, such as those depicted in Homeric epics, underscores their strategic and logistical capabilities. This combination of advanced technology, strategic infrastructure, and expansive reach highlights the significant power and influence of the Mycenaean military during their time.

In the remote and inhospitable landscape of Inuit Qeqertaat, also known as Kaffeklubben Island, lies one of the most northern stretches of land accessible to humans on Earth. Situated on the northern coast of Greenland, this desolate terrain consists of dark gray gravel merging with frozen sea ice, presenting a stark and unforgiving environment. The northern coast of Greenland stands as a rugged and formidable frontier, characterized by its stark beauty and extreme conditions. Here, amidst the vast expanse of icy waters and towering glaciers, lies a landscape that embodies the raw power and resilience of nature. The coastline, etched with rugged cliffs and frozen fjords, serves as a gateway to the Arctic wilderness, offering a glimpse into one of the world’s most remote and pristine regions. Despite its harsh environment, the northern coast of Greenland is not devoid of life; it is home to a diverse array of Arctic wildlife, from polar bears and seals to seabirds and marine mammals, all adapted to thrive in this unforgiving realm of ice and snow.

Despite its harsh conditions, this remote outpost holds a unique allure for climate change researchers and explorers seeking to understand the ecological dynamics of Earth’s northernmost regions.

In an ambitious endeavor to uncover the secrets of this extreme environment, a team led by climate change researchers Brian Buma and Jeff Kerby embarked on an expedition to survey the region. Their mission yielded remarkable discoveries, including the presence of plant life defying the odds of survival in such a hostile landscape. Among the resilient flora found were specimens of Tortula mucronifolia, a species of moss known as the world’s northernmost plant, as well as striking yellow and lime-green Arctic poppies (Papaver radicatum), flourishing just south of the moss. These findings offer valuable insights into the adaptability of life in extreme environments and highlight the importance of studying remote regions like Inuit Qeqertaat in understanding the impacts of climate change on global biodiversity.

Luxury problem for NASA: Should Curiosity continue to travel through a canal that could have once been a river in ancient times, or should the Mars rover explore a mountain ridge? This is what NASA hopes to achieve from the chosen course.

The Mars rover recently found itself at a crossroads: The NASA vehicle had been exploring the gorge called Gediz Vallis for the past few months and had now arrived at Pinnacle Ridge – the ridge is part of the rock face that towers over Gediz Vallis. It turned out that the south side of Pinnacle Ridge is passable. According to a blog post from the space agency, this presented NASA with a dilemma: should the rover continue to travel along the suspected fossil riverbed, as planned, or should it rather explore the southern slope of the mountain and learn more about its composition and the role of water in its past experience?

Ultimately, NASA decided to stay on the planned course. The excursion to the south side of the massif would have taken too much time. Additionally, Curiosity had already explored the north side of Pinnacle Ridge. According to NASA, the southern part would not have provided any new insights.

Research into Gediz Vallis is intended to provide NASA with insight into the question of when liquid water disappeared from Mars. Billions of years ago, the planet is said to have been significantly wetter and probably warmer than it is today. Data from Curiosity last fall, combined with computer simulations and other experiments, indicated that there were more rivers on Mars than expected – which in turn suggests diverse life in the past of our neighboring planet.

Gediz Vallis has a serpentine, winding shape. According to NASA, at least in the top view from space, its appearance suggests that flowing water formed it ancient times. The sides of the canal were too steep for wind to carve it into the ground.

The rover is intended to prove this theory. For example, he should check whether the boulders in the canal could have been caused by dry avalanches or wet landslides.